Spring Boot 1.5微服务开发

Spring Boot 1.5作为一个革命性的框架，极大地简化了Spring应用的开发流程。本文将详细介绍Spring Boot 1.5的核心特性和微服务开发最佳实践。

1. 项目配置

1.1 基础配置

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<!-- pom.xml -->
<parent>
    <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
    <version>1.5.10.RELEASE</version>
</parent>

<dependencies>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
    </dependency>
</dependencies>

1.2 应用配置

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# application.yml
spring:
  application:
    name: user-service
  datasource:
    url: jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/userdb
    username: root
    password: password
    driver-class-name: com.mysql.jdbc.Driver

server:
  port: 8080

2. RESTful API开发

2.1 控制器

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@RestController
@RequestMapping("/api/users")
public class UserController {
    @Autowired
    private UserService userService;
    
    @GetMapping("/{id}")
    public ResponseEntity<User> getUser(@PathVariable Long id) {
        return ResponseEntity.ok(userService.findById(id));
    }
    
    @PostMapping
    public ResponseEntity<User> createUser(@RequestBody User user) {
        return ResponseEntity.status(HttpStatus.CREATED)
                           .body(userService.create(user));
    }
}

2.2 异常处理

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@ControllerAdvice
public class GlobalExceptionHandler {
    @ExceptionHandler(UserNotFoundException.class)
    public ResponseEntity<ErrorResponse> handleUserNotFound(UserNotFoundException ex) {
        ErrorResponse error = new ErrorResponse(
            HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND.value(),
            ex.getMessage()
        );
        return new ResponseEntity<>(error, HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND);
    }
}

3. 数据访问

3.1 JPA配置

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@Entity
@Table(name = "users")
public class User {
    @Id
    @GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)
    private Long id;
    
    @Column(nullable = false)
    private String username;
    
    @Column(nullable = false)
    private String email;
    
    // getters and setters
}

@Repository
public interface UserRepository extends JpaRepository<User, Long> {
    Optional<User> findByUsername(String username);
    List<User> findByEmailContaining(String email);
}

3.2 事务管理

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@Service
@Transactional
public class UserServiceImpl implements UserService {
    @Autowired
    private UserRepository userRepository;
    
    @Override
    public User create(User user) {
        validateUser(user);
        return userRepository.save(user);
    }
    
    @Transactional(readOnly = true)
    @Override
    public User findById(Long id) {
        return userRepository.findById(id)
            .orElseThrow(() -> new UserNotFoundException(id));
    }
}

4. 安全配置

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@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class SecurityConfig extends WebSecurityConfigurerAdapter {
    @Override
    protected void configure(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
        http.csrf().disable()
            .authorizeRequests()
            .antMatchers("/api/public/**").permitAll()
            .anyRequest().authenticated()
            .and()
            .httpBasic();
    }
    
    @Autowired
    public void configureGlobal(AuthenticationManagerBuilder auth) 
            throws Exception {
        auth.userDetailsService(userDetailsService)
            .passwordEncoder(passwordEncoder());
    }
    
    @Bean
    public PasswordEncoder passwordEncoder() {
        return new BCryptPasswordEncoder();
    }
}

5. 缓存配置

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@Configuration
@EnableCaching
public class CacheConfig {
    @Bean
    public CacheManager cacheManager() {
        SimpleCacheManager cacheManager = new SimpleCacheManager();
        cacheManager.setCaches(Arrays.asList(
            new ConcurrentMapCache("users"),
            new ConcurrentMapCache("roles")
        ));
        return cacheManager;
    }
}

@Service
public class CachedUserService {
    @Cacheable(value = "users", key = "#id")
    public User findById(Long id) {
        return userRepository.findById(id)
            .orElseThrow(() -> new UserNotFoundException(id));
    }
    
    @CacheEvict(value = "users", key = "#user.id")
    public void update(User user) {
        userRepository.save(user);
    }
}

6. 异步处理

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@Configuration
@EnableAsync
public class AsyncConfig implements AsyncConfigurer {
    @Override
    public Executor getAsyncExecutor() {
        ThreadPoolTaskExecutor executor = new ThreadPoolTaskExecutor();
        executor.setCorePoolSize(5);
        executor.setMaxPoolSize(10);
        executor.setQueueCapacity(25);
        executor.initialize();
        return executor;
    }
}

@Service
public class EmailService {
    @Async
    public Future<Boolean> sendEmail(String to, String subject) {
        // 异步发送邮件
        return new AsyncResult<>(true);
    }
}

7. 监控和度量

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@Configuration
public class ActuatorConfig {
    @Bean
    public HealthIndicator customHealthIndicator() {
        return new HealthIndicator() {
            @Override
            public Health health() {
                return Health.up()
                    .withDetail("customKey", "customValue")
                    .build();
            }
        };
    }
}

# application.yml
management:
  security:
    enabled: false
  endpoints:
    web:
      exposure:
        include: "*"

8. 测试

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@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
@SpringBootTest(webEnvironment = WebEnvironment.RANDOM_PORT)
public class UserControllerTest {
    @Autowired
    private TestRestTemplate restTemplate;
    
    @Test
    public void testCreateUser() {
        User user = new User("test", "test@example.com");
        ResponseEntity<User> response = restTemplate.postForEntity(
            "/api/users", user, User.class);
            
        assertThat(response.getStatusCode())
            .isEqualTo(HttpStatus.CREATED);
        assertThat(response.getBody().getUsername())
            .isEqualTo("test");
    }
}

最佳实践建议

使用YAML代替Properties文件配置
合理使用Profile管理不同环境
统一异常处理
实现优雅停机
使用Spring Boot Actuator进行监控

性能优化技巧

连接池配置

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spring:
  datasource:
    hikari:
      maximum-pool-size: 10
      minimum-idle: 5
      idle-timeout: 300000

缓存策略优化

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@Cacheable(value = "users", key = "#id", unless = "#result == null")
public User findById(Long id) {
    return userRepository.findById(id)
        .orElse(null);
}

总结

Spring Boot 1.5通过自动配置和约定优于配置的理念，大大简化了Spring应用的开发。通过合理使用其提供的特性，我们可以快速构建出高质量的微服务应用。建议开发团队制定统一的开发规范，并在实践中不断优化和改进。